Packets are considered to be of interest if they match a signature.Network-based intrusion detection passively monitors network activity for indications of attacks. Kernel Modules and Extensions Re-opened Applications LSASS Driver Activate Firmware Update Mode Alarm Suppression Block Command Message Procedure Examples. ID Name Description; G0007 : APT28 : In 2016, APT28 conducted a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack against the World Anti-Doping Agency. This may RIP, EIGRP Dynamic routing occurs when routers talk to adjacent routers, informing each other of what networks each router is currently connected to. SoftwareComputer programs (which are stored in and executed by computer hardware) and associated data (which also is stored in the hardware) that may be dynamically written or modified during execution. Digital Signature Standard (DSS)The US Government standard that specifies the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), which involves asymmetric cryptography. "Sandbox"). Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)A PKI (public key infrastructure) enables users of a basically unsecured public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data and money through the use of a public and a private cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. Data-driven insight and authoritative analysis for business, digital, and policy leaders in a world disrupted and inspired by technology [2], XCSSET attempts to discover accounts from various locations such as a user's Evernote, AppleID, Telegram, Skype, and WeChat data. secon,[23] Issue-Specific PolicyAn Issue-Specific Policy is intended to address specific needs within an organization, such as a password policy. A type of checksum algorithm that is not a cryptographic hash but is used to implement data integrity service where accidental changes to data are expected. Authentication Packages. Stack MashingStack mashing is the technique of using a buffer overflow to trick a computer into executing arbitrary code. ID Name Description; G0139 : TeamTNT : TeamTNT has created system services to execute cryptocurrency mining software. In other words, convert the cipher text to plaintext without knowing the key. UserA person, organization entity, or automated process that accesses a system, whether authorized to do so or not. They are normally tested in permissive mode first, where violations are logged but allowed. Personal FirewallsPersonal firewalls are those firewalls that are installed and run on individual PCs. It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. W32.Stuxnet Dossier. Monitor for additions of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. Threat VectorThe method a threat uses to get to the target. This is because an Internet header may be up to 60 octets, and the minimum fragment is 8 octets. Schroeder, W. & Hart M. (2016, October 31). Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). AuthenticationAuthentication is the process of confirming the correctness of the claimed identity. PatchingPatching is the process of updating software to a different version. Diffie-Hellman does key establishment, not encryption. semodule_package, Failover occurs within hours or days, following a disaster. Digital EnvelopeA digital envelope is an encrypted message with the encrypted session key. Retrieved March 23, 2018. EavesdroppingEavesdropping is simply listening to a private conversation which may reveal information which can provide access to a facility or network. Session KeyIn the context of symmetric encryption, a key that is temporary or is used for a relatively short period of time. There are 72,000,000,000,000,000 (72 quadrillion) or more possible encryption keys that can be used. MSTIC, CDOC, 365 Defender Research Team. Retrieved March 30, 2021. undefined. For example, the network mask for a class C IP network is displayed as 0xffffff00. BandwidthCommonly used to mean the capacity of a When the page is accessed by a web browser, the Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. Ransomware Activity Targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector. Microsoft. US-CERT. Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Ingress FilteringIngress Filtering is filtering inbound traffic. SELinux users and roles do not have to be related to the actual system users and roles. Cryptographic Algorithm or HashAn algorithm that employs the science of cryptography, including encryption algorithms, cryptographic hash algorithms, digital signature algorithms, and key agreement algorithms. gethostbyaddrThe gethostbyaddr DNS query is when the address of a machine is known and the name is needed. In the Internet's domain name system, a domain is a name with which name server records are associated that describe sub-domains or host. CellA cell is a unit of data transmitted over an ATM network. STD 5, RFC 791 states: Every Internet module must be able to forward a datagram of 68 octets without further fragmentation. a set of patches to the Linux kernel and utilities to provide a strong, flexible, mandatory access control (MAC) architecture into the major subsystems of the kernel. RouterRouters interconnect logical networks by forwarding information to other networks based upon IP addresses. In some cases, the server may itself be a client of some other server. Layer 1: The physical layerThis layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. A virus cannot run by itself; it requires that its host program be run to make the virus active. include version information, system information, or a warning about It has no concept of a "root" superuser, and does not share the well-known shortcomings of the traditional Linux security mechanisms, such as a dependence on setuid/setgid binaries. Source PortThe port that a host uses to connect to a server. A synonym is nucleus. Support for applications querying the policy and enforcing access control (for example, Independence of specific policies and policy languages, Independence of specific security-label formats and contents, Individual labels and controls for kernel objects and services, Separate measures for protecting system integrity (domain-type) and data confidentiality (, Controls over process initialization and inheritance, and program execution, Controls over file systems, directories, files, and open, Controls over sockets, messages, and network interfaces, Cached information on access-decisions via the. Domain Name System (DNS)The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol addresses. and analysis of assets to ensure such things as policy compliance and [1][2][3], Default accounts are not limited to client machines, rather also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Rootkit examples Stuxnet. Monitor executed commands and arguments that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. AppletJava programs; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface. Daily or weekly data synchronization usually occurs between the primary and warm site, resulting in minimum data loss. Data AggregationData Aggregation is the ability to get a more complete picture of the information by analyzing several different types of records at once. (n.d.). However, the key that it produces may be used for encryption, for further key management operations, or for any other cryptography. Intel hosts an Open Virtual Machine Firmware project on SourceForge. Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP)A Disaster Recovery Plan is the process of recovery of IT systems in the event of a disruption or disaster. The user need only to log in to the domain to gain access to the resources, which may be located on a number of different servers in the network. Strong Star PropertyIn Strong Star Property, a user cannot write data to higher or lower classifications levels than their own. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service[3]). Its purpose is to guide product implementers so that their products will consistently work with other products. Adversaries may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Using a separate window for each application, you can interact with each application and go from one application to another without having to reinitiate it. Retrieved April 11, 2018. A proxy server is associated with or part of a gateway server that separates the enterprise network from the outside network and a firewall server that protects the enterprise network from outside intrusion. Cash, D. et al. Daily data synchronization usually occurs between the primary and hot site, resulting in minimum or no data loss. Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools, Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription, Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness, Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable, Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking, File and Directory Permissions Modification, Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification, Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification, Clear Network Connection History and Configurations, Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution, Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation, Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates, Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol. It has a number chosen at random that is greater than 1023. Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of Chinas hidden hacking groups. When a server and client communicate, TLS ensures that no third party may eavesdrop or tamper with any message. Switched NetworkA communications network, such as the public switched telephone network, in which any user may be connected to any other user through the use of message, circuit, or packet switching and control devices. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)Open Shortest Path First is a link state routing algorithm used in interior gateway routing. Unhappy Hour Special: KEGTAP and SINGLEMALT With a Ransomware Chaser. TCP WrapperA software package which can be used to restrict access to certain network services based on the source of the connection; a simple tool to monitor and control incoming network traffic. Fully-Qualified Domain NameA Fully-Qualified Domain Name is a server name with a hostname followed by the full domain name. providers (ISP). FilterA filter is used to specify which packets will or will not be used. A cold site is the least expensive option. correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol provides protection of system resources against unauthorized access. A users session is redirected to a masquerading website. In effect, advertising the fact that there routes are not reachable. Note that only software operating in kernel mode can interact with page tables. Such files are often related to login information. However given only the output value it is impossible (except for a brute force attack) to figure out what the input value is. Loopback AddressThe loopback address (127.0.0.1) is a pseudo IP address that always refer back to the local host and are never sent out onto a network. CheckPoint Research. WHOISAn IP for finding information about resources on networks. This assessment is intended to detect compromises of the boot chain which might be the result of a bootkit or rootkit infection. DNS is used for domain name to In order to understand how we can create a cron job that executes weekly, let us firstly understand what cron tab is and how we can use the command in crontab to restorecon,[20] Request for Comment (RFC)A series of notes about the Internet, started in 1969 (when the Internet was the ARPANET). PhishingThe use of e-mails that appear to originate from a trusted source to trick a user into entering valid credentials at a fake website. The files related to users/groups are: Emanations AnalysisGaining direct knowledge of communicated data by monitoring and resolving a signal that is emitted by a system and that contains the data but is not intended to communicate the data. Access Control ServiceA security service that TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. It is used to confine daemons such as database engines or web servers that have clearly defined data access and activity rights. [15][16][17][18], Enable AES Kerberos encryption (or another stronger encryption algorithm), rather than RC4, where possible. communication channel to pass data through the channel in a given The public key infrastructure provides for a digital certificate that can identify an individual or an organization and directory services that can store and, when necessary, revoke the certificates. md5A one way cryptographic hash function. PolyinstantiationPolyinstantiation is the ability of a database to maintain multiple records with the same key. Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC). The layers are in two groups. (2020, October 8). War DialerA computer program that automatically dials a series of telephone numbers to find lines connected to computer systems, and catalogs those numbers so that a cracker can try to break into the systems. [39], https://www.nsa.gov/what-we-do/research/selinux/, Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel, "Security-enhanced Linux available at NSA site - MARC", "SELinux userspace release 20211022 / 3.3", "SELinux Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - NSA/CSS", "Integrating Flexible Support for Security Policies into the Linux Operating System", "National Security Agency Shares Security Enhancements to Linux", "SELinux/Quick introduction - Gentoo Wiki", "How To Install SELinux on Ubuntu 8.04 "Hardy Heron", "Release Notes for SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11", "fixfiles(8): fix file SELinux security contexts - Linux man page", "setfiles(8): set file SELinux security contexts - Linux man page", "getsebool(8): SELinux boolean value - Linux man page", "setsebool(8): set SELinux boolean value - Linux man page", "Ubuntu Manpage: selinux-config-enforcing - change /etc/selinux/config to set enforcing", "Ubuntu Manpage: selinuxenabled - tool to be used within shell scripts to determine if", "Ubuntu Manpage: selinux-policy-upgrade - upgrade the modules in the SE Linux policy", "apparmor.d - syntax of security profiles for AppArmor", "Visual how-to guide for SELinux policy enforcement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Security-Enhanced_Linux&oldid=1099380673, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Clean separation of policy from enforcement. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive datagrams over an IP network. Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Proxy ServerA server that acts as an intermediary between a workstation user and the Internet so that the enterprise can ensure security, administrative control, and caching service. For example, http://www.pcwebopedia.com/ind . EncryptionCryptographic transformation of data (called "plaintext") into a form (called "cipher text") that conceals the data's original meaning to prevent it from being known or used. standard being developed by NIST. Sub NetworkA separately identifiable part of a larger network that typically represents a certain limited number of host computers, the hosts in a building or geographic area, or the hosts on an individual local area network. Kernel mode rootkits are among the most severe types of this threat as they target the very core of your operating system (i.e., the kernel level). This means that, for example, a file that is inaccessible may become accessible under AppArmor when a hard link is created to it, while SELinux would deny access through the newly created hard link. [6], Applications and appliances that utilize default username and password should be changed immediately after the installation, and before deployment to a production environment. Two types of caching are commonly used in personal computers: memory caching and disk caching. Digital CertificateA digital certificate is an electronic "credit card" that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. Threat AssessmentA threat assessment is the identification of types of threats that an organization might be exposed to. SecureAuth. ClientA system entity that requests and uses a service provided by another system entity, called a "server." IP AddressA computer's inter-network address that is assigned for use by the Internet Protocol and other protocols. Such a kernel contains architectural components prototyped in the Fluke operating system. From a purist perspective, SELinux provides a hybrid of concepts and capabilities drawn from mandatory access controls, mandatory integrity controls, role-based access control (RBAC), and type enforcement architecture. Monitor access to file resources that contain local accounts and groups information such as /etc/passwd, /Users directories, and the SAM database. War DialingWar dialing is a simple means of trying to identify modems in a telephone exchange that may be susceptible to compromise in an attempt to circumvent perimeter security. SpoofAttempt by an unauthorized entity to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. [5]Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell. Token RingA token ring network is a local area network in which all computers are connected in a ring or star topology and a binary digit or token-passing scheme is used in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time. Domain and is an implementation of DNS. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)The generic term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web. Tiny Fragment AttackWith many IP implementations it is possible to impose an unusually small fragment size on outgoing packets. Domain HijackingDomain hijacking is an attack by which an attacker takes over a domain by first blocking access to the domain's DNS server and then putting his own server up in its place. Since buffers are created to OverloadHindrance of system operation by placing excess burden on the performance capabilities of a system component. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. ITU-TInternational Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (formerly "CCITT"), a United Nations treaty organization that is composed mainly of postal, telephone, and telegraph authorities of the member countries and that publishes standards called "Recommendations.". CookieData exchanged between an HTTP server and a browser (a client of the server) to store state information on the client side and retrieve it later for server use. Out-of-band (OOB) or hardware-based management is Retrieved December 29, 2020. It includes a set of sample security policy configuration files designed to meet common, general-purpose security goals. Program InfectorA program infector is a piece of malware that attaches itself to existing program files. When a new machine is set up, its RARP client program requests from the RARP server on the router to be sent its IP address. Asymmetric WarfareAsymmetric warfare is the fact that a small investment, properly leveraged, can yield incredible results. While problems with the correctness or configuration of applications may allow the limited compromise of individual user programs and system daemons, they do not necessarily pose a threat to the security of other user programs and system daemons or to the security of the system as a whole. Monitor for modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)A protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. Morris WormA worm program written by Robert T. Morris, Jr. that flooded the ARPANET in November, 1988, causing problems for thousands of hosts. Post Office Protocol, Version 3 (POP3)An Internet Standard protocol by which a client workstation can dynamically access a mailbox on a server host to retrieve mail messages that the server has received and is holding for the client. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)The body that defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP. This capability is a great learning tool since many rootkit hiding techniques can be emulated by writing to memory directly. Separation of DutiesSeparation of duties is the principle of splitting privileges among multiple individuals or systems. Logic bombsLogic bombs are programs or snippets of code that execute when a certain predefined event occurs. 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