In May of 2021, the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) returned to operations for a summer 2021 deployment. MOS- Model Output Statistics (usually in reference to NGM model). Heavy rain and gusty winds often accompany the storms. Urban Flood- pavement which causes rapid runoff (rain can't soak into the ground so it runs downhill) and poor drainage can lead to flooded roadways and underpasses and even become deadly. ECMWF- European Centre for Meteorology Forecast model. SWELLS- Ocean waves of regular and longer duration than wind waves. CIRRUS(CI)- High clouds, usually above 18,000 feet, composed of ice crystals. Cumulus streets are aligned parallel to, or within a few degrees of, the direction of the wind in the convective layer. The heating and drying are due to adiabatic compression as the wind descend downslope. COLD CORE HIGH- A dome of cold surface high pressure that originates from the high latitudes. CALM- the absence of apparent motion in the air. If you've ever spent time in the Southeast U.S. during summer, you've experienced this effect first hand. Because clouds are created and sustained by upward-moving air currents, water droplets must reach a size sufficient to overcome the lifting effect of the currents before they can fall to the Earth as drizzle or rain. CLOUD (Meteorology) Cloud: Clouds are made up of many, many tiny drops of water. Luke Howard was born in London on 28 November 1772, the first child of successful businessman Robert Howard and his wife, Elizabeth. WALL CLOUD-An isolated lowering of a cloud that is attached to the rain-free base of a thunderstorm, generally to the rear of the visible precipitation area. Downburst- A sudden rush of cool air toward ground that can impact with speeds greater than 70 mph and produce damage similar to that of a tornado. On sultry, very humid nights during the summer, lows in the 70s are common. It may be modified by terms such as "light," "intermittent," or "occasional" to indicate lesser intensity or periodic snow. Clouds alter temperatures by both absorbing and scattering incoming solar radiation and by emitting infrared radiation. It means storms are developing or will develop. MICROWAVE RADIATION- electromagnetic radiation which comprises the highest frequency radio energy. orographic disturbances. Higher values of precipitable water indicate a deep moisture layer, increasing the potential for heavy precipitation amounts. ANTICYCLONE- A large area of high pressure around which the winds blow clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. In 1930's, the National Weather Service standardized codes for cloud forms and state of the sky according to the international system of classification. Sometimes used with adjectives "Killing," "severe," or "hard". Spacing and alignment of Cloud Streets The distance between adjacent Streets has been observed as approximately three times the height of the inversion or stable layer. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 March 1821 and joined the British (now Royal) Meteorological Society on 7 May 1850, only a month after the society was founded. Search from Meteorology Terms stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. Wall cloud- this cloud appears as an abrupt lowering of the cloud base from the relatively flat rain-free base. GROWING SEASON- the period of time between the last killing frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn. SLEET- Solid grains of ice which form from the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of melted snowflakes. LEE TROUGH- Low pressure which develops just east of the Rocky Mountains or Cascades. SPRING TIDE- Semi-monthly tide of increased height due to the new or full moon. NEGATIVE TILTED TROUGH- A trough which tilts from the northwest toward the southeast. SQUALL LINE- A line of thunderstorms or squalls extending over several hundred miles. SOUTHERN OSCILLATION- A periodic reversal of the pressure pattern across the tropical Pacific Ocean during El Nino events. You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. On the flip side, why do higher dew points favor warmer nights? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As the air rises, it condenses into a visible cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. User-friendly. Also called a whirlwind, it develops best on clear, dry, hot afternoons. FREEZE- When the temperature at or near the surface is expected to be 32 or below, during the growing season. There are many different types of clouds. SNOW- Unless qualified by such words as " occasional" or " intermittent" , a prediction of snow indicates a steady fall of a few hours or more. A wind chill factor of 30 degrees or lower on exposed skin will result in frostbite in a short period of time. Test. OFFSHORE WATERS- Ocean waters from 60 nm to 250 nm. A cloud at the surface is called a fog. OROGRAPHIC UPLIFT- The vertical forcing of air by terrain features such as hills or mountains. Central computer and communications facility of the National Weather Service; located in Washington, DC. cloud, any visible mass of water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of both that is suspended in the air, usually at a considerable height (see video). SUBSIDENCE- Sinking air that is associated with warming air and little cloud formation. Pilots flying visually ( VFR, see Learning Goal 1g) must stay outside of clouds. High clouds, which are found at mean heights above the ground of 13 to 5 km (42,500 to 16,500 feet), are cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. TYPHOON- A hurricane that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean. The movement of colder air toward a fixed point on the earth's surface. Small streams and creeks usually react the fastest to heavy rains and rise several feet in hours or even minutes. DEBRIS CLOUD TROPICAL DEPRESSION- Tropical mass of thunderstorms with a cyclonic wind circulation and winds between 20 and 34 knots. CLIMATE- The historical record of average daily and seasonal weather events. As the cloud and cloud droplets grow in size, the base will begin to gray. CUMULUS CLOUD(CU)- A cloud in the shape of individual detached domes, with a flat base and a bulging upper portion resembling cauliflower. Keep in mind that middle clouds can form a couple of thousand feet above or below the 10,000- foot marker. cloud . Strong Planetary Boundary Layer winds which advect warmer temperatures and moisture into the forecast area. In expanding, the air cools adiabatically (i.e., without heat exchange with the surrounding air) until its temperature falls below the dew point, upon which the air becomes supersaturated such that water vapour condenses onto cloud condensation nuclei or tiny water droplets (or deposits onto ice nuclei or tiny ice crystals). [>>>] ISOPLETH- A line of a constant meteorological value. Main sensor on U.S. polar orbiting satellites. A recent and viral example of this phenomena was captured in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 13th, 2022. MetMatters explains the different forms that water takes when falling from the sky. Basically, the clouds told a weather story to the meteorologist. Anvil - The spreading out (by strong winds) of the upper portion of the thunderstorm. Gravity. Veering winds with height are indicative of warm air advection (WAA). The GOES-16 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16) satellite can watch clouds with a new instrument called the Advanced Baseline Imager, or ABI for short. Gust front- the leading edge of the thunderstorm's downdraft of air as it spreads out away from the storm. A cold core low is deep and is often associated with the polar jet stream. The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as fronts and low pressure systems. DIGGING- Deepening, becoming more amplified with time. Always with you. Sky conditions are estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 oktas (completely clear sky) through to 8 oktas (completely overcast). The updraft is the hollow portion of the hook (looks like a backwards "J" or a 6) and is where the tornado would most likely be found (if the storm were to produce one). Coastal Flood- high tides, persistent onshore winds, or a hurricane storm surge can cause flooding along coastal areas. These descriptive words are usually added to the end of our main cloud type name. 12 traditional cloud types defined by the World Meteorological Organization and further subdivided into cloud species and cloud varieties is widely used in meteorology. Structural wind damage may imply the occurrence of a severe thunderstorm. MEASURABLE-Precipitation of 0.01" or more. ATS 652: Atmospheric Remote Sensing. From storms to extreme heat, 2022 has been a record-breaking period for the UK's weather. When thick clouds of water drops are present at lower levels, however, the ice crystals from above may seed the lower clouds, permitting precipitation to occur and to reach the ground as snow or rain, depending on the temperature. KNOT- One nautical mile per hour (1.15 mph). The top 4 are: climatology, atmospheric, weather and climate. Murus and cauda are a wall cloud and tail cloud, respectively. GLAZE- a layer or coating of ice that is generally smooth and clear, and forms on exposed objects by the freezing of liquid raindrops. Tornado- a violently rotating column of air in contact with the ground and extending to the thunderstorm base, often seen extending from near the wall cloud. Bankfull- the maximum height of the river before it overflows its banks. HAIL- Precipitation of small balls or other pieces of ice (hailstones) falling separately or frozen together in irregular lumps. MARINE PUSH- A regional phenomena where the heat low shifts east across the Pacific Northwest, along an onshore flow of cool, marine air to spill over the Cascades. Aviation weather observation An evaluation, according to set procedures, of those weather elements which are most important for aircraft operations. but are authorized to translate and interpret available forecasts and reports directly into terms describing the weather conditions which you can expect along your flight route and at your destination. OVERSHOOTING TOP- A 'bubble' of cloud sticking up above the anvil of a thunderstorm, due to a vigorous updraft within the storm. ALBEDO-The percentage of light reflected by an object. Freezing rain- rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing causing it to freeze to the surface, forming a coating of ice or glaze. ARCTIC AIR- a mass of very cold, dry air that usually originates over the Arctic Ocean north of Canada and Alaska. The relative humidity increases until the air has become saturated with water vapour, and then condensation occurs. Updraft- Warm, moist, rising air. (RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging). Implies an area of rising motion. WFO- Weather Forecast Office. DOPPLER RADAR- A type of weather radar that determines whether atmospheric motion is toward or away from the radar. ISALLOBAR- A line of equal surface pressure change. Downdraft- A column of cool air that sinks toward the ground. They are caused by the refraction of light through the ice crystals in cirrus clouds. This marks the updraft of a thunderstorm. The model is run each hour, with its initial conditions updated by the inclusion of the latest surface observations available. Polar regions . Precipitation (falling rain and snow) that occurs around the globe is the source of fresh water on which all life depends. HORSE LATITUDES- subtropical regions where anticyclones produce settled weather. LAPSE RATEThe change in temperature with altitude in the atmosphere. RADIOSONDE- An instrument attached to a weather balloon that measures and transmits pressure, humidity, temperature, and winds as it ascends. Please try another search. It is attached to a thunderstorm and may be rotating. PRECIPITABLE WATER (PW, PCPTBL WTR or H2O)- Total amount of water vapor in a layer of air, expressed in inches. Its primary usage is for aviation and severe weather forecasting. Meteorologists classify clouds primarily by their appearance. To see a quick example of this in action, check out the official daily observations from Penn State University on July 6, 2017. MOISTURE AXIS / RIDGE- : An area of higher moisture values, usually in the form of a ridge of higher dewpoints at the surface or 850 mb. Frost- the formation of ice crystals in the forms of scales, needles, feathers, or fans, which develop under conditions similar to dew, except that the minimum temperature has dropped to at least 32 F degrees. CELSIUS- a temperature scale in which zero is the freezing point of water and one hundred is the boiling point. SHELF CLOUD -Long, wedge-shaped clouds associated with the gust front. Access the app from your computer, tablet and smartphone and enjoy the same user experience across devices. TROUGH-An elongated area of low pressure at the surface or aloft. When Kirsty McCabe first presented the weather she was told not to use the word precipitation on air. DUST STORM- an area where high surface winds have picked up loose dust, reducing visibility to less than one-half mile. MM5- the Mesoscale Model Version 5. GUST FRONT- The leading edge of the downdraft from a thunderstorm. The net impact of this, as you should recall, is that all else being equal, a cloudy day is cooler than a sunny day, because clouds back-scatter much more solar radiation to space than the amount of infrared radiation that they emit toward the ground. ATS 620: Thermodynamics and Cloud Physics ATS 621: Atmospheric Chemistry ATS 640: Synoptic Meteorology. Normal surface pressure is approximately 1013 millibars. HIGH- The center of an area of high pressure, usually accompanied by anticyclonic and outward wind flow. Recall that dew point temperature is a way to assess the concentration of water vapor present, so low dew points equate to low concentrations of water vapor and high dew points equate to high concentrations of water vapor. National Weather Service TURBULENCE- Disrupted flow in the atmosphere that produces gusts and eddies. Also known as atmospheric pressure. The new National Weather Service WSR-88D radar has this capability, and its vertical wind profile is called a VAD Wind Profile (or VWP). Clouds are formed when relatively moist air rises. FUJITA SCALE- System developed by Dr. Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes based on wind damage. Cloud-native application . Spring, Year 2. WIND- air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. BEAUFORT SCALE- a scale that indicates the wind speed using the effect wind has on certain familiar objects. Thunderstorm(cumulonimbus) - the towering cumulus cloud has continued to grow in height and width and now lightning is occurring. OMEGA- A term used to describe vertical motion in the atmosphere. Refers to a forecast problem or a potential forecast problem. DAMBREAK FLOODING- Dambreaks present a unique flood warning problem. Flash Flood- a flood that occurs suddenly during or shortly following heavy rains or from a sudden release of water (as in a dam break). 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1334. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30813-8. Low clouds, 2 to 0 km (6,500 to 0 feet), are stratocumulus, stratus, and nimbostratus. THUNDERSTORM(TS, TSRA, TSTM)- A shower accompanied by thunder. Temperatures during the day frequently reach 90 degrees or more in warm, moist . Indeed, on clear, relatively calm nights, the dew point serves as a reasonable lower bound for the nighttime minimum temperature (air temperatures do not measurably fall below the dew point temperature, for reasons we'll discuss later). ICE STORM- liquid rain falling and freezing on contact with cold objects creating ice build-ups of 1/4th inch or more that can cause severe damage. To help keep the cost of this book reasonable, I do not in-clude any cloud photos. CORIOLIS FORCE -An apparent force caused by the rotation of the earth. Unless otherwise defined, the liquid is generally assumed to be water. SNOW ADVISORY- An advisory issued when snow is expected to create hazardous or restricted travel conditions, but not as severe as expected with a winter storm. NOAA WEATHER WIRE (NWWS) - Mass dissemination via satellite of National Weather Service products to the media and public. FOEHN- A warm dry wind on the lee side of a mountain range. DIVQ- Diverging Q vectors. classic severe weather event, classic Nor'easter). That will help you determine what altitude you need to fly at in order to maintain cloud separation requirements . Read More. FORECAST PERIODS- Routine forecasts issued before noon contain three forecast periods: Today (or this Afternoon), Tonight, and the Next Day. DIFFLUENCE- A 2-D process in which airstreams spread apart. It can be a few yards across to a mile wide. METEOROLOGY- The study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena. Cumuliform Clouds that form in updrafts are called This article is part of the NASA Knows!
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